Biomaterial Database

Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum during pediatric mechanical ventilation. 1979

M M Pollack, and A I Fields, and P R Holbrook

The incidence of pulmonary barotrauma during mechanical ventilation in children beyond the neonatal age group was studied in two groups of patients. In the first group, 179 cases of pediatric mechanical ventilation for over 12 hours were retrospectively analyzed for the occurrence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastrinum. Eleven percent (6 of 57) of young infants (0--6 months) without hyaline membrane disease and 3% (4 of 122) of older infants and children (over 6 months) developed these complications. Pulmonary barotrauma in young infants occurred only after cardiothoracic surgery and involved the same site as the intraoperative repair in all cases. Pulmonary barotrauma in older infants and children occurred in patients with severe respiratory disease requiring high peak airway pressures, PEEP, and respiratory rates. In the second group, the incidence of pulmonary barotrauma during ventilation with PEEP greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O was analyzed in 14 patients including 4 patients from the previous group. Overall, 64% (9 of 14) of this group developed pulmonary barotrauma and 43% (6 of 14) developed pneumothorax. Of 9 patients receiving PEEP greater than or equal to 15 cm H2O for longer than 24 hours, 6 developed pulmonary barotrauma after the first 24 hours. The incidence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in ventilated infants without hyaline membrane disease and children is comparable to adult series.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007223	Infant	A child between 1 and 23 months of age.	Infants
D007385	Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation	Application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase when the patient has an artificial airway in place and is connected to a ventilator.	BIPAP Biphasic Intermittent Positive Airway Pressure,IPPV,Inspiratory Positive-Pressure Ventilation,Ventilation, Intermittent Positive-Pressure,Biphasic Intermittent Positive Airway Pressure,Inspiratory Positive Pressure Ventilation,Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation,Positive-Pressure Ventilation, Inspiratory,Positive-Pressure Ventilation, Intermittent,Ventilation, Inspiratory Positive-Pressure,Ventilation, Intermittent Positive Pressure
D008478	Mediastinal Emphysema	Presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma.	Emphysema, Mediastinal,Interstitial Emphysema,Interstitial Emphysema of Lung,Pneumomediastinum,Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema,Emphysema, Interstitial,Emphysema, Pulmonary Interstitial,Emphysemas, Pulmonary Interstitial,Interstitial Emphysema, Pulmonary,Interstitial Emphysemas, Pulmonary,Lung Interstitial Emphysema,Mediastinal Emphysemas,Pneumomediastinums,Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysemas
D010372	Pediatrics	A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence.
D011030	Pneumothorax	An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous,Pressure Pneumothorax,Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax,Spontaneous Pneumothorax,Tension Pneumothorax,Pneumothorax, Pressure,Pneumothorax, Spontaneous,Pneumothorax, Tension,Spontaneous Pneumothorax, Primary
D011175	Positive-Pressure Respiration	A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.	Positive End-Expiratory Pressure,Positive-Pressure Ventilation,End-Expiratory Pressure, Positive,End-Expiratory Pressures, Positive,Positive End Expiratory Pressure,Positive End-Expiratory Pressures,Positive Pressure Respiration,Positive Pressure Ventilation,Positive-Pressure Respirations,Positive-Pressure Ventilations,Pressure, Positive End-Expiratory,Pressures, Positive End-Expiratory,Respiration, Positive-Pressure,Respirations, Positive-Pressure,Ventilation, Positive-Pressure,Ventilations, Positive-Pressure
D012121	Respiration, Artificial	Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).	Ventilation, Mechanical,Mechanical Ventilation,Artificial Respiration,Artificial Respirations,Mechanical Ventilations,Respirations, Artificial,Ventilations, Mechanical
D002648	Child	A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL.	Children
D002675	Child, Preschool	A child between the ages of 2 and 5.	Children, Preschool,Preschool Child,Preschool Children
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man