Biomaterial Database

Development of sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations for urinary tract infections. Part I: Comparison of the antibacterial effect of sulphonamides alone and in combination with trimethoprim. 1979

B Ekström, and U Forsgren, and B Ortengren, and T Bergan

Plasma half life and in vitro activity were major criteria for selection of sulphonamides which are likely to give a strong synergistic action with trimethoprim in vivo. On the basis of literature data six sulphonamides, sulphadiazine, sulphachloropyridazine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphaisodimidine, sulphamerazine and sulphamethomidine appeared particularly suitable for combination with trimethoprim. An investigation of the activity in vitro of these compounds and their combinations with the latter against clinically isolated, sulphonamide-sensitive Klebsiella-Enterobacter and Escherichia coli strains showed optimal synergy at trimethoprim-sulphonamide ratios between 1:10 and 1:40, but that appreciable mutual potentiation occurred within a rather broad range of concentration ratios. Limited experiments indicated that synergy occurs less frequently and is less pronounced against sulphonamide resistant bacteria. The different sulphonamides behaved rather similarly in their combinations with trimethoprim, and in order to find the best sulphonamide, detailed comparisons of the pharmacokinetic properties of the different combinations are necessary.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007709	Klebsiella	A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.
D004357	Drug Synergism	The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.	Drug Potentiation,Drug Augmentation,Augmentation, Drug,Augmentations, Drug,Drug Augmentations,Drug Potentiations,Drug Synergisms,Potentiation, Drug,Potentiations, Drug,Synergism, Drug,Synergisms, Drug
D004754	Enterobacter	Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of humans and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.
D004926	Escherichia coli	A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.	Alkalescens-Dispar Group,Bacillus coli,Bacterium coli,Bacterium coli commune,Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli,E coli,EAggEC,Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli,Enterococcus coli,Diffusely Adherent E. coli,Enteroaggregative E. coli,Enteroinvasive E. coli,Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
D006207	Half-Life	The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.	Halflife,Half Life,Half-Lifes,Halflifes
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D001419	Bacteria	One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.	Eubacteria
D013410	Sulfachlorpyridazine	A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.	Sulfachloropyridazine,Sulfachlorpyridazine, Monosodium Salt,Sulphachlorpyridazine,Monosodium Salt Sulfachlorpyridazine
D013411	Sulfadiazine	One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.	Sulfazin,Sulfazine,Sulphadiazine,Zinc Sulfadiazine,Sulfadiazine, Zinc
D013416	Sulfamerazine	A sulfanilamide that is used as an antibacterial agent.	Methylsulfadiazine,Mebacid,Trimetox