Class I retinal ganglion cells have been identified in wholemounts of rat retinae following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into retino-recipient nuclei. Class I cells are characterized by relatively large somata, 3-7 fairly frequently branching large-gauge primary dendrites and relatively thick axons. Cells with a very similar morphology have been visualized in the ganglion cell layer of retinal wholemounts using a neurofibrillar stain. The size of the somata and dendritic trees of Class I cells is affected by the density of all classes of ganglion cells: both somata and dendritic trees of Class I cells located in the region of peak density are smaller than those located in medium- and low-density ganglion cell regions. The mean numbers of Class I ganglion cells labelled following massive injections of HRP into retino-recipient nuclei were 876 (in albino rats) and 944 (in hooded rats), while the mean number of cells stained with the neurofibrillar method in albino retinae was 791. Thus, with the total number of positively identified retinal ganglion cells being 110,000-115,000 [Potts et al., 1982; Perry et al., 1983], Class I cells in both strains of rat constitute less than 1% of all retinal ganglion cells. Nevertheless the dendritic fields of Class I cells cover the entire retina. Although Class I cells are distributed relatively evenly across the retina, the density is slightly greater in the lower temporal retina where the bulk of the ipsilaterally projecting fibres originates. While Class I cells represent up to 10% of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells in both strains of rat, fewer Class I cells project ipsilaterally in albinos than in hooded rats. All contralaterally projecting Class I cells appear to send branching axons to the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Class I cells represent a larger proportion of the ganglion cells projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (4-5%) than that of ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus (about 1%). The morphology, numbers, distribution and the pattern of the central projections of Class I retinal ganglion cells in rats suggest that they are likely to be homologues of the alpha-type ganglion cells distinguished in carnivores.