Hypothalamic LHRH was measured by RIA in young and middle-aged (MA) female rats in several endocrine conditions. Temporal alterations in LHRH content associated with the steroid induced gonadotropin surge were compared in medial basal hypothalamic and anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area fragments of ovariectomized young and MA subjects. LHRH content was also compared in ovariectomized, untreated subjects from the two age groups. Finally, LHRH content in MA constant estrous females was compared with content in young females on the morning of proestrus. In all conditions, LHRH levels in both brain regions of MA females were similar to, or significantly elevated above levels measured in young females, yet both the steroid induced surge and the castration induced hypersecretion of gonadotropins were markedly attenuated in aging females. Because studies have verified the responsiveness of the pituitary of MA rats to LHRH, the data suggest that adequate amounts of hypothalamic LHRH do not reach the pituitary. Rather, high levels of hypothalamic LHRH measured in MA subjects may represent accumulation of the peptide in LHRH neurons due to an age-related impairment in release.