Eighty-one sensory neurons in the rostral trigeminal sensory nuclei (main sensory nucleus, nucleus oralis, and the lateral border zone of the motor nucleus) were recorded in urethan-anesthetized rabbits before and during mastication. Receptive-field characteristics were described, and responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar and infraorbital nerves, sensorimotor cortex, and thalamus were recorded. Forty-four percent of neurons were stimulated by the movements of mastication; nevertheless, evidence is presented that the excitability of the 49 neurons that receive low-threshold mechanoreceptor inputs is depressed during mastication for the following reasons: The spontaneous activity of seven cells was inhibited during movement. The probability of firing in response to stimulation of the peripheral nerve on sensorimotor cortex was decreased during mastication. There was usually a corresponding increase in the latency of the action potentials. Injections of local anesthetic (prilocaine hydrochloride, 4%) into the receptive field of the neuron did not prevent the decrease in excitability during mastication. Fourteen neurons that received inputs from periodontal pressoreceptors were recorded medial to most of the low-threshold group. The excitability of six of these was reduced during jaw closure and during the occlusal phase of movement, that is, within the period in which they would be activated by pressure on the teeth. The rest were tonically suppressed. Eighteen neurons recorded in the lateral border zone of the motor nucleus had receptive fields that were of high threshold or were undefined. They responded to stimulation of the peripheral nerve at high threshold. The excitability of most of these neurons was strongly phase modulated during mastication. They were most excitable during jaw closure or during the occlusal phase of movement and inexcitable during opening. The excitability of the others was tonically depressed. In most cases, the changes in excitability described did not seem to be due to the patterns of activity of the neurons that were generated by the movements. We conclude that the pattern elaborated by the central pattern generator includes selective modifications of sensory transmission. One reason for this is to suppress reflex responses to low-threshold inputs while maintaining the protective response to tissue damage.