As a consequence of the rubella epidemic in Austria in 1979, prophylaxis against this disease was intensified. In spite of this measure, however, there was an increase in cases of rubella in 1984/85. The peak incidence in both years occurred in May. In 1984, most cases were found in Vienna, Lower and Upper Austria, and Salzburg, whereas in 1985, Styria and Vienna were most affected. The clinical diagnosis of rubella was confirmed serologically in 685 patients. Of these, 151 were pregnant women and 104 were women of childbearing age who gave no information as to pregnancy. Due to the virtually complete recognition of cases, which usually led to therapeutic abortion, only 7 cases of intrauterine rubella infection were recorded. In spite of the vaccination of all prepuberal schoolgirls, of women at occupational risk, and of seronegative women after delivery, 10% of women of childbearing age still have no reliable immunity (HI titre 1:32) to rubella. This situation can be improved only by testing women at around 20 years of age for immunity (irrespective of their vaccination status) and vaccinating them if necessary.