Xenopus laevis tadpoles reared in a 0.01% solution of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) are blocked in their development at larval stage 54 but continue to increase in size. When released from the effects of PTU they metamorphose into frogs of sizes significantly larger than those of their untreated siblings. Using this size difference to examine the hypothesis that neuron numbers are matched to the size of their postsynaptic targets during neuronal cell death, we measured the following on stage 66 frogs metamorphosing from PTU-treated and untreated tadpoles: lumbar lateral motor column (L-LMC) motoneuron number and mean nuclear cross-sectional area; thoracic and lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell number and mean nuclear cross-sectional area; and muscle fiber number in two representative thigh muscles. A few measurements of neuron number and cell size were also made on untreated and PTU-treated stage 54 tadpoles. The most striking correlations observed were not between peripheral size and neuron numbers but between peripheral size and neuron size. Motoneuron numbers were not increased in the PTU-treated animals, perhaps because the increase in peripheral size involved an increase in muscle fiber diameter rather than an increase in muscle fiber number. Thoracic DRG cell number, but not the sum of thoracic and lumbar DRG cell numbers, was increased. In general, our findings do not support the hypothesis that neuron numbers are matched to peripheral size by a process regulating the amount of cell death that occurs during metamorphic stages in Xenopus laevis.