Twenty-one rats were trained to discriminate 32 mg/kg caffeine from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task (variable ratio) while another ten rats were trained to discriminate 56 mg/kg theophylline from saline. For each group, dose-effect curves (% drug-lever responses and overall response rate) were obtained for both caffeine and theophylline. Significant dose-related generalization of each training drug was found for both the caffeine- and theophylline-trained rats. Concomitant dose-related decreases in overall response rate also were apparent. Similar dose-related effects were seen with cross-generalization tests for various doses of the other xanthine. The nature of the training session preceding the test session was found to have an effect on discrimination performance at intermediate test doses. Drug appropriate responding was higher and overall response rate was lower after saline- than after drug-training days. Such data may suggest the possibility of short-term tolerance to caffeine's cue. That the discriminative cue was specific to the xanthines was shown by the lack of generalization seen after either amphetamine or metrazol.