Biomaterial Database

Visceral analgesia: effects of xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine in horses. 1985

W W Muir, and J T Robertson

The visceral analgesic, cardiorespiratory, and behavioral effects induced by xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine were determined in 9 adult horses with colic. Colic was produced by inflating a balloon in the horses' cecum. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output increased after cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine and butorphanol decreased the hemodynamic response to cecal balloon inflation. Meperidine and pentazocine had minimal effects on the cardiorespiratory changes induced by cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine produced the most pronounced visceral analgesia. The duration of visceral analgesia was longest with xylazine (approx 90 minutes) followed by butorphanol (approx 60 min) and then by meperidine and pentazocine (approx 30 to 35 min). Accurate assessment of the effects of visceral analgesics is dependent upon the use of objective tests to evaluate pain.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008297	Male		Males
D008614	Meperidine	A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.	Isonipecain,Pethidine,Demerol,Dolantin,Dolargan,Dolcontral,Dolin,Dolosal,Dolsin,Lidol,Lydol,Meperidine Hydrochloride,Operidine EPJ-I,Operidine EPJ I
D009019	Morphinans	Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	Morphinan
D010146	Pain	An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	Suffering, Physical,Ache,Pain, Burning,Pain, Crushing,Pain, Migratory,Pain, Radiating,Pain, Splitting,Aches,Burning Pain,Burning Pains,Crushing Pain,Crushing Pains,Migratory Pain,Migratory Pains,Pains, Burning,Pains, Crushing,Pains, Migratory,Pains, Radiating,Pains, Splitting,Physical Suffering,Physical Sufferings,Radiating Pain,Radiating Pains,Splitting Pain,Splitting Pains,Sufferings, Physical
D010423	Pentazocine	The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	Fortral,Lexir,Pentazocine Hydrochloride,Pentazocine Lactate,Talwin,Hydrochloride, Pentazocine,Lactate, Pentazocine
D012119	Respiration	The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (	Breathing
D002077	Butorphanol	A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.	17-(Cyclobutylmethyl)morphinan-3,14-diol,Apo-Butorphanol,BC-2627,Beforal,Butorphanol Tartrate,Dolorex,Moradol,Stadol,Stadol NS,Torbugesic,BC 2627,BC2627
D003085	Colic	A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation that is commonly seen in infants. It is usually associated with obstruction of the INTESTINES; of the CYSTIC DUCT; or of the URINARY TRACT.	Abdominal Cramps,Infantile Colic,Abdominal Cramp,Colic, Infantile,Cramp, Abdominal,Cramps, Abdominal
D005260	Female		Females
D006321	Heart	The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.	Hearts