Ginger extract release from 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone regeneration. 2025

Susmita Bose, and Yongdeok Jo, and Aditi Dahiya
W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States. Electronic address: sbose@wsu.edu.

The development of multifunctional bone scaffolds that promote early osteogenesis and angiogenesis is a promising strategy for treating critical-sized bone defects. In this study, 3D-printed tricalcium phosphate (3DP TCP) scaffolds were loaded with ginger extract, a natural compound with known anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. In vitro release study shows sustained ginger extract release over 28 days, with accelerated release under acidic conditions. Ginger extract enhanced osteoblast viability (1.3-fold at day 11), upregulates osteogenic genes including BGLAP (6.3-fold), RUNX2 (4.9-fold), and ALPL (8.1-fold), while supresses osteoclast activity by downregulating RANKL (up to 11-fold). TRAP assay, resorption pit analysis, and actin ring staining confirm reduced osteoclastogenesis. Angiogenesis study showed a 7.5-fold increase in endothelial tube formation and a 19 % enhancement in vitro wound healing. In vivo, ginger extract-loaded scaffolds implanted in rat distal femur defects shows increase in new bone formation, with SRBS staining showing 38.1 % bone area compared to 19.3 % in control, and Masson-Goldner staining showing 43.3 % mineralized bone area versus 25.9 % in control. These results underscore the potential of ginger extract-loaded 3DP TCP scaffolds as a bioactive platform for enhancing bone regeneration through osteoinduction, anti-resorptive effects, and angiogenesis.

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