The method of gamma-ray computed tomography (gamma-ray CT) bone densitometry described in the preceding article provides selective determination of trabecular bone density (TBD), the relative amount of compact bone (bone density, BD), and the total absorption (TA) within a bone cross section. Seven of nine children with chronic renal failure (CRF), and selected only on the basis of their serum creatinine value (greater than 5 mg/100 ml), had increased TBD values above the normal range, whereas the other bone mineral parameters were normal. Radiographic signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism (subperiosteal erosions, cysts) were reported in the five patients with the highest TBD values, whereas the subjective diagnosis of osteosclerosis reported in three of these five and in one other patient correlated less well with the TBD increases. However, this is the first report of an objective, non-invasive documentation of the radiological finding of osteosclerosis in CRF. It also explains why methods for bone mineral measurements used previously, such as a photon absorptiometry which provides only a parameter equivalent to TA, failed to reveal increases in bone mineral content in renal osteodystrophy even when signs of osteosclerosis were present. Thus, gamma-ray CT helps to document objectively the degree of osteosclerosis and its location.