1. The actions on the taenia of 4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl-trimethylammonium chloride (McN-A-343), N-benzyl-3-pyrrolidyl acetate methobromide (AHR-602), tetramethylammonium (TMA) and choline phenyl ether have been examined and compared with the actions of acetylcholine, nicotine and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP).2. Responses of the taenia to these agonists are quantitatively and often qualitatively dependent on the tone of the preparation. A method is described which makes allowance for the effect of tone on heights of contractions.3. Acetylcholine, McN-A-343 and AHR-602 produced only contractions; TMA produced contractions or biphasic responses; and choline phenyl ether, nicotine and DMPP produced contractions, relaxations or biphasic responses.4. The mode of action of these compounds has been analysed by means of hyoscine, ganglion-blocking drugs, tetrodotoxin and local anaesthetics.5. It is concluded that acetylcholine, McN-A-343, AHR-602, TMA and choline phenyl ether act on muscarinic receptors in the smooth muscle. Choline phenyl ether has an additional action on nicotinic receptors of cholinergic neurones. Nicotine and DMPP act on nicotinic receptors of cholinergic neurones and of inhibitory neurones. An action on the latter is sometimes also seen with TMA and choline phenyl ether.6. With nicotine or DMPP, and TMA or choline phenyl ether in the presence of hyoscine, part of the contraction phase of biphasic responses (in which a contraction follows relaxation) is best explained as being triggered by the initial relaxation-that is, as a "rebound contraction".7. None of the compounds tested appeared to exert an atropine-sensitive action on neurones.8. In the presence of hyoscine high concentrations of agonists can act on sites not involved with lower concentrations.