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A controlled follow-up study examined the impact of delivery method on developmental outcome of the child. The modes of delivery investigated were low forceps delivery (188 infants), midcavity forceps delivery (51 infants), forceps rotation with forceps delivery (57 infants), manual rotation with forceps delivery (67 infants), elective caesarean section (101 infants) and spontaneous delivery (control, 207 infants). Breech presentation (100 infants) was separately compared with the vertex presentation groups. Sample selection controlled for complications during pregnancy and low birthweight and was restricted to married English-speaking mothers. The children were assessed at the age of five years on verbal and non-verbal subtests of a standardized intelligence scale, tests of gross motor coordination, and auditory and visual tests. A full paediatric examination was also performed. Breech presentation children performed less well on tests of balance and fine motor coordination and on visual acuity and stereopsis testing than children who presented in the vertex position. No deleterious effect of delivery method was found. In the absence of other complicating events (like a poor antenatal history, prematurity, and a disorganized home environment) delivery complication constitutes an early risk factor which the growing child is able to overcome.
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
December 1996,
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
January 1993,
Developmental medicine and child neurology,
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
January 1988,
Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association,
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
October 2014,
Early human development,
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
September 1994,
British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology,
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
June 1995,
British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology,
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
January 1988,
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W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
February 1988,
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W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
February 2003,
Obstetrics and gynecology,
W G McBride, and
B P Black, and
C J Brown, and
R M Dolby, and
A D Murray, and
D B Thomas
June 1987,
Child development,
