Biomaterial Database

Insulin degradation. XXV. Glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity of rat liver and kidney during the development of streptozotocin-diabetes. 1979

J H Thomas, and P T Varandani

The activity of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathione:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.4.2) in the liver and kidneys of rats during the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetes has been studied. Following a single injection of streptozotocin, the transhydrogenase activity fell rapidly for 7-8 days and then gradually with time in both organs. In contrast to the control rats where approximately 25% of the enzyme is in a 'latent' state, nearly all the transhydrogenase activity in the diabetic liver appears to be in the free or functional form. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that both hepatic and renal glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity are under feedback control by circulating insulin. The possibility is discussed that the latent state may represent a storage form of the enzyme, which in insulin-insufficiency states is mobilized to the free or functional form for cell function.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007328	Insulin	A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).	Iletin,Insulin A Chain,Insulin B Chain,Insulin, Regular,Novolin,Sodium Insulin,Soluble Insulin,Chain, Insulin B,Insulin, Sodium,Insulin, Soluble,Regular Insulin
D007668	Kidney	Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.	Kidneys
D008099	Liver	A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.	Livers
D008297	Male		Males
D010088	Oxidoreductases	The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)	Dehydrogenases,Oxidases,Oxidoreductase,Reductases,Dehydrogenase,Oxidase,Reductase
D011490	Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione)	An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a protein-disulfide in the presence of glutathione, forming a protein-dithiol. Insulin is one of its substrates. EC 1.8.4.2.	Glutathione Insulin Transhydrogenase,Glutathione Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Thiol-Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Thiol-Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Disulfide Oxidoreductase, Thiol-Protein,Insulin Transhydrogenase, Glutathione,Oxidoreductase, Thiol-Disulfide,Oxidoreductase, Thiol-Protein Disulfide,Thiol Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Thiol Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Transhydrogenase, Glutathione Insulin
D003921	Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental	Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.	Alloxan Diabetes,Streptozocin Diabetes,Streptozotocin Diabetes,Experimental Diabetes Mellitus,Diabete, Streptozocin,Diabetes, Alloxan,Diabetes, Streptozocin,Diabetes, Streptozotocin,Streptozocin Diabete
D005246	Feedback	A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.	Feedbacks
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D013997	Time Factors	Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.	Time Series,Factor, Time,Time Factor