At the end of the larval life, the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori is highly specialized in the biosynthesis of a specific protein : silk fibroin. The successive steps of fibroin production : amino supply, synthesis and secretion are described. Their analysis shows that fibroin synthesis is important enough to orient the overall cellular activities. Thus, the terminal differentiation of the posterior silk gland cell corresponds to the cells adaptation to the production of fibroin. Cytological and biochemical studies of the silk gland development show that specialization occurs discontinuously; the fourth molt, when fibroin is no more produced, is a phase of regression of the cellular adaptation whereas cell differentiation proceeds during the growth phase of the following fifth intermolt. After the spinning of the cocoon, the cells are lysed and disappear entirely at the nymphal stage. Biometrical analysis of silk production of different Bombyx strains in relation with the development of the proteosynthesis apparatus leads to the conclusion that the specific messenger RNA content determines the amount of synthetized fibroin. At maximum secretion, the mRNAF recruits almost all the cell ribosomes. The variations of the size of the proteosynthesis machinery are sufficient to explain the differences of productivity of the various silkworm strains. Different experimental factors affect silk production. Topical applications of juvenile hormone induce an increase of the RNA content and a consequent rise of the amount of secreted protein. In contrast, starvation reduces the silk production by acting at both transcriptonal and translational levels. Current researches on this system are devoted to the study of the differential gene expression, with particular interest to the regulation of the transcription of the specific fibroin messenger RNA.