Cultures of dissociated myotomal muscle and spinal cord derived from embryos of Xenopus laevis were grown in the presence of curare in order to abolish neuromuscular activity and were examined by electron microscopy. In one-day-old cultures a few of the neuromuscular contacts already displayed several synaptic specializations including 500 A vesicles clustered against the axolemma, increased axolemmal densities, basal lamina in the cleft, an increased sarcolemmal density and subsarcolemmal filamentous material. Contacts with these specializations were observed more frequently in two and three-day-old cultures. Throughout the three-day culture period nerve fibres and neuromuscular contacts were devoid of Schwann cells. Isolated patches of basal lamina were relatively scarce and were usually accompanied by an increase in sarcolemmal density and subsarcolemmal filamentous material even in cultures in which spinal cord cells were not included. These observations indicate that the myotomal neuromuscular synapse differentiates in culture in much the same way as it does in vivo, that muscle contractions are not required for its differentiation, and that apparent postsynaptic specializations can develop in the absence of innervation.