Biomaterial Database

Regulation of food intake and obesity. 1967

J Mayer, and D W Thomas

This is not the place to consider the medical significance of obesity in terms of conditions such as heart disease and hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. These very complex interrelationships have been dealt with elsewhere (69). We hope that enough evidence has been presented to demonstrate that energy balance is normally maintained by a precise and reliable physiologic mechanism, and that the energy surplus represented by obesity may reflect direct failure of this mechanism or some combination from a variety of neurological, endocrine, enzymatic, and psychological disorders. Environmental conditions as well as genetic and traumatic factors may contribute to the development of obesity. If increasing mechanization brings tus below the level of energy expenditure at which food intake is properly regulated, appropriate habits of exercise will have to be established and maintained.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007027	Hypothalamic Diseases	Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.	Froehlich's Syndrome,Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal Disorders,Pituitary Diencephalic Syndrome,Hypothalamic Dysfunction Syndromes,Hypothalamic Dysinhibition Syndrome,Hypothalamic Overactivity Syndrome,Hypothalamic Pseudopuberty,Hypothalamic-Adenohypophyseal Disorders,Diencephalic Syndrome, Pituitary,Diencephalic Syndromes, Pituitary,Disease, Hypothalamic,Diseases, Hypothalamic,Disorder, Hypothalamic-Adenohypophyseal,Disorder, Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal,Disorders, Hypothalamic-Adenohypophyseal,Disorders, Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal,Dysfunction Syndrome, Hypothalamic,Dysfunction Syndromes, Hypothalamic,Dysinhibition Syndrome, Hypothalamic,Dysinhibition Syndromes, Hypothalamic,Froehlich Syndrome,Froehlichs Syndrome,Hypothalamic Adenohypophyseal Disorders,Hypothalamic Disease,Hypothalamic Dysfunction Syndrome,Hypothalamic Dysinhibition Syndromes,Hypothalamic Neurohypophyseal Disorders,Hypothalamic Overactivity Syndromes,Hypothalamic Pseudopuberties,Hypothalamic-Adenohypophyseal Disorder,Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal Disorder,Overactivity Syndrome, Hypothalamic,Overactivity Syndromes, Hypothalamic,Pituitary Diencephalic Syndromes,Pseudopuberties, Hypothalamic,Pseudopuberty, Hypothalamic,Syndrome, Froehlich's,Syndrome, Hypothalamic Dysfunction,Syndrome, Hypothalamic Dysinhibition,Syndrome, Hypothalamic Overactivity,Syndromes, Hypothalamic Dysfunction,Syndromes, Hypothalamic Dysinhibition,Syndromes, Hypothalamic Overactivity,Syndromes, Pituitary Diencephalic
D007031	Hypothalamus	Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.	Lamina Terminalis,Preoptico-Hypothalamic Area,Area, Preoptico-Hypothalamic,Areas, Preoptico-Hypothalamic,Preoptico Hypothalamic Area,Preoptico-Hypothalamic Areas
D007515	Islets of Langerhans	Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.	Islands of Langerhans,Islet Cells,Nesidioblasts,Pancreas, Endocrine,Pancreatic Islets,Cell, Islet,Cells, Islet,Endocrine Pancreas,Islet Cell,Islet, Pancreatic,Islets, Pancreatic,Langerhans Islands,Langerhans Islets,Nesidioblast,Pancreatic Islet
D009765	Obesity	A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
D010770	Phosphotransferases	A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.	Kinases,Phosphotransferase,Phosphotransferases, ATP,Transphosphorylase,Transphosphorylases,Kinase,ATP Phosphotransferases
D001835	Body Weight	The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	Body Weights,Weight, Body,Weights, Body
D002628	Chemoreceptor Cells	Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.	Chemoreceptive Cells,Cell, Chemoreceptive,Cell, Chemoreceptor,Cells, Chemoreceptive,Cells, Chemoreceptor,Chemoreceptive Cell,Chemoreceptor Cell
D005082	Physical Exertion	Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.	Physical Effort,Effort, Physical,Efforts, Physical,Exertion, Physical,Exertions, Physical,Physical Efforts,Physical Exertions
D005247	Feeding Behavior	Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.	Dietary Habits,Eating Behavior,Faith-based Dietary Restrictions,Feeding Patterns,Feeding-Related Behavior,Food Habits,Diet Habits,Eating Habits,Behavior, Eating,Behavior, Feeding,Behavior, Feeding-Related,Behaviors, Eating,Behaviors, Feeding,Behaviors, Feeding-Related,Diet Habit,Dietary Habit,Dietary Restriction, Faith-based,Dietary Restrictions, Faith-based,Eating Behaviors,Eating Habit,Faith based Dietary Restrictions,Faith-based Dietary Restriction,Feeding Behaviors,Feeding Pattern,Feeding Related Behavior,Feeding-Related Behaviors,Food Habit,Habit, Diet,Habit, Dietary,Habit, Eating,Habit, Food,Habits, Diet,Pattern, Feeding,Patterns, Feeding,Restrictions, Faith-based Dietary
D005769	Gastrointestinal Motility	The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	Intestinal Motility,Gastrointestinal Motilities,Intestinal Motilities,Motilities, Gastrointestinal,Motilities, Intestinal,Motility, Gastrointestinal,Motility, Intestinal