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Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic fungal metabolite (mycotoxin) occurring in foodstuffs. The compound is causally associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, a disease comparable with a human kidney disease, Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. A survey of 768 samples of foodstuffs (cereals and bread), locally produced in an area of Yugoslavia where Balkan (endemic) nephropathy is prevalent, has revealed that ochratoxin A is constantly present in parts of foodstuffs. The mean frequency of ochratoxin A contamination of cereals in the study period was 8.7 per cent, but a pronounced annual variation was encountered, with frequencies of contamination up to 43 per cent. These contamination frequencies are higher than those reported elsewhere for foodstuffs for human consumption. Thus further evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that ochratoxin A might by a disease determinant of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy.
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