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Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) were studied in parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands of the rat. The concentration of VIP was highest in the submaxillary gland and lowest in the parotid gland. The concentration of SP was highest in the parotid gland; it was at, or below the limit of detection in the sublingual gland. In the parotid gland the total amounts of VIP and SP were reduced by 95% after parasympathetic denervation (section of the auriculo-temporal nerve). In the submaxillary gland the total amounts of the peptides were unchanged after parasympathetic decentralization (section of the chorda-lingual nerve). In this gland the total amount of SP was reduced by 92% and that of VIP by 50%, when the chorda tympani nerve fibres were cut deep into the hilum. Cutting the nerve fibres at the hilum left the total amounts of the peptides unchanged in the submaxillary gland, whereas in the sublingual gland the total amount of VIP was reduced by 70%. Sympathetic denervation did not reduce the total amounts of the peptides. Duct ligation caused gland atrophy. In the parotid gland the total amounts of VIP and SP were reduced by 40%. In the submaxillary gland the same percentage reduction occurred with regard to SP; however, the total amount of VIP was reduced by 99%. The VIP- and SP-containing nerve fibres reach the salivary glands by the parasympathetic nerves. In both submaxillary and sublingual glands a certain fraction of VIP originates within the glands.
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