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We used the method of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) enzyme histochemistry and flat-mounted and transverse-sectioned retinas to identify microglial cells. Light microscopically, TPPase activity was demonstrated on the outer surfaces of glial cells located in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the entire retinal regions, and also on the outer surfaces of blood vessels. Electron microscopically, TPPase activity was observed on the plasma membranes of the glial cells, the endothelial cells of microvessels and the pericytes. The TPPase-positive glial cells had a dark nucleus with large clumps of chromatin beneath the nuclear envelope. These findings strongly suggest that the glial cells with TPPase activity observed in the IPL and the GCL of the rat retina were microglial cells.
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