Displaced ganglion cells in the pigeon's retina, at the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer, were labelled by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Large HRP injections were made in order to fill all the retinal projection sites in the thalamus and midbrain. The distribution of labelled cells was studied in retinal whole mounts incubated with tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) substrate for HRP. A maximum of 5,300 HRP labelled displaced ganglion cells was found. They were concentrated in a band of retina centred on the horizontal meridian, with high density areas (of about 110 cells/mm2) near the area centralis and in the mid-temporal retina. This is a different distribution to that of ganglion and inner nuclear layer cells; these are concentrated in the area centralis and red field. The orientation of retinal maps was checked by ophthalmoscopic measurements of the angle of the pecten to the horizontal in alert pigeons; this was found to be approximately 70 degrees. The array of displaced ganglion cells, studied by nearest neighbour distributions, was irregular and nearly random, which is consistent with a system of low spatial acuity. In the central retina only the cell bodies and not the dendrites of small displaced ganglion cells (7.5 microns diameter) were labelled; towards the periphery large displaced ganglion cells (16 microns diameter) with 2-5 radially arranged primary dendrites were found.