Five postmenopausal women were treated with conjugated equine estrogens, 1.25 mg tablets for 25 days, and medroxyprogesterone acetate, 10 mg tablets, in combination with the last 10 estrogen doses. Twenty-five endometrial biopsy specimens were incubated in vitro with tritiated thymidine and radioautographic slides were prepared. Within five days of estrogen treatment the thymidine labeling index (TLI) in both glands and stromal cells increased from a very low resting state to relatively high levels of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Within five days after addition of progestin, epithelial TLIs decreased to low levels and returned to minimal baseline levels four days after the last steroid dose. Analysis of variances indicated significant changes in epithelial cells (P less than 0.0001) confirming that the proliferative effect of estrogens was suppressed during the progestin phase. Stromal TLI changes were not significant (P = 0.46).