Biomaterial Database

Rapid diagnosis of viral infections in the central nervous system. 1984

M Grandien, and E Olding-Stenkvist

Rapid diagnosis of viral infections in the central nervous system has become increasingly important. Antiviral treatment, prevention of spread of disease and differentiation from infections caused by agents sensitive to antibiotics may be the important consequences of a virus specific diagnosis gained early in the disease. The diagnosis can be obtained by detection of virus or viral antigen in the human specimen: herpes simplex virus by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence or immunosorbent assays in brain biopsies; rabies virus by immunofluorescence in corneal cells or skin and mucous membranes. The presence of measles or influenza antigens in nasopharyngeal secretions, shown by immunofluorescence or enzyme immunoassays, may diagnose an encephalitis caused by either of these viruses. Where suitable material is not available the detection of virus-specific IgM in a single serum specimen may be used for diagnosis. Mumps specific IgM activity is detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or indirect immunofluorescence techniques; tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) specific IgM by immunosorbent assays or by reduction of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titer by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of serum. Reports have been given on the detection of IgM activity by ELISA also in other arboviral infections such as Japanese and LaCrosse encephalitis. The demonstration of an intrathecal production of virus-specific immunoglobulins may reveal the type of virus causing the infection in the central nervous system.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007251	Influenza, Human	An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	Grippe,Human Flu,Human Influenza,Influenza in Humans,Influenza,Flu, Human,Human Influenzas,Influenza in Human,Influenzas,Influenzas, Human
D008457	Measles	A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	Rubeola
D008590	Meningoencephalitis	An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.	Cerebromeningitis,Encephalomeningitis,Cerebromeningitides,Encephalomeningitides,Meningoencephalitides
D008854	Microscopy, Electron	Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.	Electron Microscopy
D009107	Mumps	An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	Parotitis, Epidemic,Epidemic Parotitides,Epidemic Parotitis,Parotitides, Epidemic
D011818	Rabies	Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.	Encephalitic Rabies,Furious Rabies,Hydrophobia,Paralytic Rabies,Lyssa,Furious Raby,Lyssas,Rabies, Encephalitic,Rabies, Furious,Raby, Furious
D011863	Radioimmunoassay	Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.	Radioimmunoassays
D004660	Encephalitis	Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	Inflammation, Brain,Rasmussen Syndrome,Brain Inflammation,Encephalitis, Rasmussen,Rasmussen Encephalitis,Rasmussen's Syndrome,Brain Inflammations
D004769	Enterovirus Infections	Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	Infections, Enterovirus,Enterovirus Infection,Infection, Enterovirus
D004797	Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay	An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.	ELISA,Assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent,Assays, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent,Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays,Immunosorbent Assay, Enzyme-Linked,Immunosorbent Assays, Enzyme-Linked