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Insulin- and glucagonlike peptides in the brain. 1983

A Dorn, and H G Bernstein, and A Rinne, and M Ziegler, and H J Hahn, and S Ansorge

The cellular localization and regional distribution of insulin- and glucagonlike substance, C-peptide-like immunoreactivity, thiol:protein disulphide oxidoreductase, TPO (E.C.1.8.4.2.), and insulin/glucagon-specific proteinase, ISP (E.C.3.4.22.-), are studied in the CNS of man, adult and juvenile rats, mice, tortoises, and frogs by use of immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the content of immunoreactive insulin, glucagon, and C-peptide was estimated in human cadaver brains by radioimmunoassay. It could be shown that insulinlike immunoreactive material is widely distributed in the human brain and the CNS of juvenile rats as well as in mice, whereas in the CNS of adult rats and nonmammalian animals (frogs, tortoises) the polypeptide is restricted to a few nerve cell populations. C-peptide immunoreactivity was demonstrated in human CNS in the same nerve cells as insulin. By use of two different glucagon-antisera it was revealed that gut-type glucagon occurs in many nerve cells of human and mouse brains, as well as in the CNS of juvenile rats. On the other hand, pancreas-type glucagon was less widely distributed in the human brain and nearly not detectable in the CNS of mice and rats. With the exception of neurosecretory nerve cells, there was a high degree of coincidence between the localization of insulin and TPO. The immunoreaction against the ISP antiserum was weak, but correlated well with the distribution of insulin-immunoreactivity. The occurrence of TPO and ISP in the brain demonstrates the ability of nervous tissue to degrade insulin and glucagon. By radioimmunoassay it was established that human brain contains insulin, glucagon and C-peptide at concentrations that exceed blood levels. We conclude from our data that, at least in part, cerebral insulin and glucagon are products of the brain itself.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007158 Immunologic Techniques Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies. Antibody Dissociation,Immunologic Technic,Immunologic Technics,Immunologic Technique,Immunological Technics,Immunological Techniques,Technic, Immunologic,Technics, Immunologic,Technique, Immunologic,Techniques, Immunologic,Antibody Dissociations,Dissociation, Antibody,Dissociations, Antibody,Immunological Technic,Immunological Technique,Technic, Immunological,Technics, Immunological,Technique, Immunological,Techniques, Immunological
D007328 Insulin A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1). Iletin,Insulin A Chain,Insulin B Chain,Insulin, Regular,Novolin,Sodium Insulin,Soluble Insulin,Chain, Insulin B,Insulin, Sodium,Insulin, Soluble,Regular Insulin
D010455 Peptides Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS. Peptide,Polypeptide,Polypeptides
D011863 Radioimmunoassay Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. Radioimmunoassays
D001923 Brain Chemistry Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states. Chemistry, Brain,Brain Chemistries,Chemistries, Brain
D002096 C-Peptide The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin. Proinsulin C-Peptide,C-Peptide, Proinsulin,Connecting Peptide,C Peptide,C Peptide, Proinsulin,Proinsulin C Peptide
D004763 Glucagon-Like Peptides Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms. Enteroglucagon,Enteroglucagons,Glucagon-Like Peptide,Glucagon-Like Polypeptide,Gut Glucagon,Glucagon-Like Polypeptides,Glucagon Like Peptide,Glucagon Like Peptides,Glucagon Like Polypeptide,Glucagon Like Polypeptides,Glucagon, Gut,Peptide, Glucagon-Like,Polypeptide, Glucagon-Like
D005934 Glucagon A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511) Glucagon (1-29),Glukagon,HG-Factor,Hyperglycemic-Glycogenolytic Factor,Proglucagon (33-61),HG Factor,Hyperglycemic Glycogenolytic Factor
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia

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