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Groups of seven intact male Long-Evans hooded rats were housed with pups for 1, 7, 14, or 22 days and their parental behavior was recorded each day. All but one male showed parental behavior. Twenty-eight control males were housed without pups. At the end of each observation period the males were decapitated and their trunk blood was collected for hormone analysis by radioimmunoassay. Males with pups had lower prolactin levels than control males on all 4 days but did not differ in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or testosterone levels from males without pups. Both prolactin and testosterone levels were correlated positively with the frequency of parental behavior, suggesting that the males which are behaviorally the most responsive to infants are also hormonally the most responsive.
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