Biomaterial Database

PHI--a new brain-gut peptide. 1984

K Tatemoto

The detection of the C-terminal amide structure in porcine intestinal extracts has led to the discovery of a 27 amino acid residue peptide designated PHI (PHI-27, peptide HI). The peptide was found to have structural homologies to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF). Subsequent studies have revealed that PHI exhibits a variety of biological activities which resemble those of VIP. Moreover, it was found that the peptide is able to inhibit the binding of VIP to its receptors, and to stimulate cyclic AMP production. PHI is present in both brain and gut in high concentrations and probably acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator rather than a hormone. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of porcine, human and bovine PHI indicated that human PHI differs from the porcine peptide in two positions (12 and 27), and bovine PHI differs in one position (10). The amino acid sequence (deduced from the cDNA sequence) of the VIP precursor recently obtained from human neuroblastoma cells also contains an identical sequence to the newly-isolated human PHI from human colonic extracts. PHI has thus been shown to be co-synthesized with VIP in the same precursor molecule.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007028	Hypothalamic Hormones	Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.	Hypothalamic Pituitary-Regulating Hormones,Hypothalamic Pituitary-Regulating Peptides,Hormones, Hypothalamic,Hormones, Hypothalamic Pituitary-Regulating,Hypothalamic Pituitary Regulating Hormones,Hypothalamic Pituitary Regulating Peptides,Peptides, Hypothalamic Pituitary-Regulating,Pituitary-Regulating Hormones, Hypothalamic,Pituitary-Regulating Peptides, Hypothalamic
D007422	Intestines	The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.	Intestine
D010451	Peptide PHI	A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.	Neuropeptide PHI 27,PHI Peptide,Peptide Histidine-Isoleucine,Peptide PHM,Human PHI,PHM Neuropeptide,PHM-27,Peptide HI,Peptide Histidine Methionine,Peptide PHI-27,Peptide-Histidine-Isoleucinamide,Porcine Intestinal Heptacosapeptide,Pro-Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide,Heptacosapeptide, Porcine Intestinal,Histidine Methionine, Peptide,Histidine-Isoleucine, Peptide,Intestinal Heptacosapeptide, Porcine,Intestinal Peptide, Pro-Vasoactive,Methionine, Peptide Histidine,Neuropeptide, PHM,PHI, Human,PHM, Peptide,Peptide Histidine Isoleucinamide,Peptide Histidine Isoleucine,Peptide PHI 27,Peptide, PHI,Peptide, Pro-Vasoactive Intestinal,Pro Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
D010455	Peptides	Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.	Peptide,Polypeptide,Polypeptides
D001923	Brain Chemistry	Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.	Chemistry, Brain,Brain Chemistries,Chemistries, Brain
D002417	Cattle	Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.	Beef Cow,Bos grunniens,Bos indicus,Bos indicus Cattle,Bos taurus,Cow,Cow, Domestic,Dairy Cow,Holstein Cow,Indicine Cattle,Taurine Cattle,Taurus Cattle,Yak,Zebu,Beef Cows,Bos indicus Cattles,Cattle, Bos indicus,Cattle, Indicine,Cattle, Taurine,Cattle, Taurus,Cattles, Bos indicus,Cattles, Indicine,Cattles, Taurine,Cattles, Taurus,Cow, Beef,Cow, Dairy,Cow, Holstein,Cows,Dairy Cows,Domestic Cow,Domestic Cows,Indicine Cattles,Taurine Cattles,Taurus Cattles,Yaks,Zebus
D005768	Gastrointestinal Hormones	HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.	Enteric Hormone,Enteric Hormones,Gastrointestinal Hormone,Intestinal Hormone,Intestinal Hormones,Hormone, Enteric,Hormone, Gastrointestinal,Hormone, Intestinal,Hormones, Enteric,Hormones, Gastrointestinal,Hormones, Intestinal
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000595	Amino Acid Sequence	The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.	Protein Structure, Primary,Amino Acid Sequences,Sequence, Amino Acid,Sequences, Amino Acid,Primary Protein Structure,Primary Protein Structures,Protein Structures, Primary,Structure, Primary Protein,Structures, Primary Protein
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia