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In this study, sex differences in the exploratory behavior of handled and nonhandled animals were measured under conditions of both high and low stimulus variation. The apparatus used was a hole-board, which provided an exploratory response independent of ambulation. Significant effects of handling were found: nonhandled animals decreased head-dipping over days whereas handled animals maintained a high rate. Sex differences were also observed: patterns of head-dipping for males and females differed over days depending on whether objects was present (high stimulus variation) or absent (low stimulus variation) under the hole-board; females also head-dipped for longer durations than males when objects were present; further, males and females showed completely opposite patterns of exploration depending on handling treatment and on level of stimulus variation. We conclude that handling differentially affects males and females, particularly as level of stimulus variability changes.
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
July 1985,
Developmental psychobiology,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
April 1975,
Physiology & behavior,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
December 2023,
Biogerontology,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
August 1989,
Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
April 1975,
Acta endocrinologica,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
April 1978,
Experimental and molecular pathology,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
January 1976,
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
July 1990,
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
May 1996,
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior,
J Weinberg, and
E A Krahn, and
S Levine
October 2006,
Neuroscience,
