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The effects of unilateral cortical damage on immunohistochemically identified cholinergic neurons of the basal nucleus have been examined in the rat. In the first 2 weeks after operation, the cells were swollen and their nuclei became eccentric, these changes being closely similar to those seen in the cholinergic oculomotor nuclei of the same animals following removal of the extraocular muscles. During the third week these acute changes were replaced by shrinkage of the cholinergic cell bodies and their dendrites. At longer survival times the appearance of the neurons did not alter, and all the cholinergic cells persisted in their shrunken form after 120 days, the longest survival time examined.
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