Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed during fibreoptic bronchoscopy in 79 patients with undiagnosed diffuse radiographic pulmonary shadowing and in 20 control subjects undergoing investigation for respiratory symptoms not associated with diffuse radiographic shadowing. The highest percentages of cells other than macrophages found in BAL fluid from the controls were 11% for lymphocytes and a total of 10% for neutrophils and eosinophils. 72 (91%) of the patients with diffuse shadowing had higher percentages of one or more of these inflammatory cell types than were found in any of the controls. Patients with increased lymphocytes differed in their eventual diagnosis from those without increase lymphocytes but with increases in other inflammatory cells (P less than 0.001). The use of BAL cell profiles as an aid to diagnosis in certain situations is illustrated by calculation of predictive values using Bayes' theorem. BAL has diagnostic value in the investigation of diffuse pulmonary shadowing if the cell profile is considered in conjunction with other information.