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This study describes tongue movements of normal preschool children during eating, and is the first phase in a long-term project to develop a standardized eating assessment for children. It is hoped eventually to fill the need for an objective measurement tool in pediatric occupational therapy practice. The movements were monitored in 40 children; 20 were 4 years +/- 1 month, and 20 were 5 years +/- 1 month. Each group consisted of 10 boys and 10 girls. Two different tongue positions were quantified: First, as food was presented to the child when the food was 5 cm from the lips; and second, as food was swallowed. Tongue position upon food presentation and upon swallowing was affected by age, sex, and type of food. Both responses showed maturational changes from 4 to 5 years. It is proposed that important maturational changes take place between 4 and 5 years of age, but that adult patterns of swallowing are attained later in development.
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
October 1984,
The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association,
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
June 1988,
The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association,
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
July 1969,
American journal of orthodontics,
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
March 1979,
Child development,
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
January 1972,
The Journal of prosthetic dentistry,
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
January 2002,
Archives of oral biology,
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
January 1982,
Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service,
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
February 1982,
Science (New York, N.Y.),
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
October 1983,
Science (New York, N.Y.),
J L Schwartz, and
C W Niman, and
E G Gisel
April 1970,
British dental journal,
