After presenting the case of a 70 year old woman who presented a massive mesenteric infarction as a result of non-occlusive intestinal ischaemia ( NOII ), the authors review the principal features of this particular form of intestinal ischaemia. This condition is seen principally in elderly people with a syndrome of low cardiac output, resulting in marked mesenteric vasoconstriction. It is a complication of either severe decompensated heart disease treated with digitaloids or to a state of hypovolaemic or septic shock. The diagnosis of NOII should be suggested by the combination of abdominal signs with a state of shock and/or treated heart disease. The diagnosis is confirmed by selective mesenteric arteriography which reveals a patent but spastic vessel. The treatment is initially medical, consisting of the correction of haemodynamic disturbances and the in situ injection of vasodilator products, which may need to be completed by a surgical operation. However, the prognosis of NOII remains serious, particularly because of the frequent delay in making the diagnosis.