The development and course of normally lethal parasitemias in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium yoelii or Plasmodium berghei were markedly affected by treatment with the antilymphoid drug cyclosporin A (CS-A). When the first of four daily subcutaneous 25-mg/kg doses of CS-A was given at the time of parasite inoculation, patent infections failed to develop. If begun up to 5 days earlier, this same treatment regimen prolonged the prepatent period, attenuated parasitemia, and reduced mortality. In mice with patient infections, two consecutive daily 25-mg/kg doses of CS-A were sufficient to terminate parasitemias which, after several days, reappeared but were self-limiting. This pattern of apparent cure followed by transient recrudescence remained unaltered even when daily treatment with the same drug dose was continued for 3 weeks. Recrudescence was associated with the emergence of parasite populations that were relatively resistant to CS-A and, in the case of P. yoelii, of reduced virulence. In more limited experiments, CS-A was found to be active in vitro against erythrocytic stages of the human malarial parasite palsmodium falciparum. Depending on the concentration of drug in the culture medium, parasite growth was either prevented or inhibited.