Biomaterial Database

Experimental identification of genitourinary carcinogens. 1980

J M Sontag

Classic principles of pharmacology and toxicology are not entirely applicable to carcinogenesis. The existence of thresholds for carcinogens has yet to be proved. The use of high dosages in laboratory animals is an acceptable and necessary practice in identifying carcinogens. Generally, carcinogenicity is a result of the intrinsic property of a chemical and is independent of dosage and duration of exposure; however, the detection of carcinogenicity is dose-related. Not all chemicals are carcinogens. A properly designed and conducted study in laboratory animals is a scientifically valid way of identifying carcinogens that may pose a risk to humans. The route by which a chemical is administered to laboratory animals need not be identical to the way in which humans are exposed. The target organs in laboratory animals may or may not be the same as in humans. The inherent limitations of epidemiologic studies severely restrict their usefulness for detecting cancer-causing agents in human beings. Therefore, carcinogens identified in laboratory animals should be treated as if they cause cancer in human beings as well.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008297	Male		Males
D009374	Neoplasms, Experimental	Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.	Experimental Neoplasms,Experimental Neoplasm,Neoplasm, Experimental
D001749	Urinary Bladder Neoplasms	Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	Bladder Cancer,Bladder Neoplasms,Cancer of Bladder,Bladder Tumors,Cancer of the Bladder,Malignant Tumor of Urinary Bladder,Neoplasms, Bladder,Urinary Bladder Cancer,Bladder Cancers,Bladder Neoplasm,Bladder Tumor,Cancer, Bladder,Cancer, Urinary Bladder,Neoplasm, Bladder,Neoplasm, Urinary Bladder,Tumor, Bladder,Tumors, Bladder,Urinary Bladder Neoplasm
D002273	Carcinogens	Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.	Carcinogen,Oncogen,Oncogens,Tumor Initiator,Tumor Initiators,Tumor Promoter,Tumor Promoters,Initiator, Tumor,Initiators, Tumor,Promoter, Tumor,Promoters, Tumor
D004285	Dogs	The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)	Canis familiaris,Dog
D004812	Epidemiologic Methods	Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.	Epidemiologic Method,Epidemiological Methods,Methods, Epidemiologic,Epidemiological Method,Method, Epidemiologic,Method, Epidemiological,Methods, Epidemiological
D005260	Female		Females
D006224	Cricetinae	A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.	Cricetus,Hamsters,Hamster
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000588	Amines	A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	Amine