Gingivitis and periodontitis account for more than 95% of all inflammatory diseases of the tissues surrounding the teeth, comprising the principal cause of tooth loss in adults. Gingivitis is a relatively innocuous inflammation of the gums, with associated bleeding and exudation. Gingivitis may convert to periodontitis, a destructive aggressive disease with resorption of alveolar bone, destruction of collagen with fibrosis, and formation of deep pockets around the necks of the teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis are caused by microorganisms populating the gingival sulcus and periodontal pocket. Treatment is directed toward arresting the progress of the disease through debridement and stabilization of the teeth. Toothbrushing and other measures by which the teeth are mechanically cleaned remain the most effective way to control plaque accumulation and periodontal disease.