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To investigate the feasibility of chronic stimulation of the sacral nerves for control of sphincter and bladder function, we implanted bipolar electrodes in 10 dogs. These electrodes, of conventional cuff (4 dogs), as well as innovative spiral designs (6 dogs) were placed around the S2 roots of the 10 dogs and in 3 of them around the S1 root additionally. The electrodes were connected to subcutaneous radiofrequency receivers for external activation. Microsurgical techniques were employed to perform dorsal rhizotomy and ganglionectomy. 5 dogs, 3 kept as long as 8 months, were chronically stimulated to a cumulated time of 100-150 h each. Functional and histological results reveal that sacral root nerves can be stimulated safely on a chronic basis for effective control of the lower urinary tract.
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
January 2015,
Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
January 1993,
Neurourology and urodynamics,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
October 1978,
Urology,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
January 1996,
Neurourology and urodynamics,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
January 1980,
Archivos espanoles de urologia,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
March 1997,
Artificial organs,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
December 1959,
La Presse medicale,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
August 1993,
The Urologic clinics of North America,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
September 2014,
Veterinary research communications,
J W Thüroff, and
R A Schmidt, and
M A Bazeed, and
E A Tanagho
July 1996,
British journal of urology,
