The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of infused vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) upon reproductive function in the female rabbit. Intravenous infusions of VIP (37.5, 75, and 150 pmol/kg per min) induced acute dose-dependent increases in plasma progesterone (P) but not estradiol (E2) or testosterone (T) in estrous rabbits. This P effect was not associated with an increase in plasma prolactin (Prl) and was not altered by pretreatment with a Prl-inhibiting regimen of bromocriptine. In rabbits stimulated to ovulate with 75 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and coitus, plasma P and E2 increased, reaching a peak at 180 min following stimulation. VIP (75 pmol/kg per min) infused from 120 to 180 min following the ovulatory stimuli increased this P peak but did not effect E2 levels. This VIP infusion had no effect upon fertility or upon the number of corpora lutea, uterine implants, or viable conceptuses. Infusions of VIP for 60 min at the P peak, and for 240 min at the time of ovulation, had no significant effect upon ovum pickup or the rate of ovum transport. These observations suggest that 1) VIP infusions in rabbits can increase plasma P from both the basal levels of estrus and from the peak levels preceding ovluation. 2) Infusions of VIP at the time of the preovulatory steroid surge or during ovulation have little effect upon fertility or gamete transport in the rabbit. 3) Endogenous VIP may play a role in the regulation of P secretion in the rabbit.