Tularemia in range sheep is an occasional cause of severe economic loss from mortality and unthriftiness as well as a hazard to persons in contact with the animals. Epizootics are unpredictable and explosive, therefore, prophylaxis is more practical than therapy. Live vaccine of proven value in man and in beavers was inoculated into mature ewes and elicited antibodies without harm to the sheep. However, challenge of immunity was not possible because virulent Francisella tularensis in large doses did not cause significant mortality in healthy, well managed, unimmunized sheep. Evidence suggests that a complex of stresses such as inclement weather, lambing and concomitant ectoparasitism render sheep more susceptible to tularemia.