From 1976 and 1978, 158 patients with hematemesis and melaena from the upper gastro-intestinal tract were hospitalized at the Surgical clinic of the University Hospital in Olomouc. In 8.3%, reflux-esophagitis (ROe) and hiatal hernias (HH) were the cause of the hemorrhage. As a rule, the acute attack could be controlled by conservative treatment, and the operation was performed after the situation had calmed down. Only in exceptional cases an urgent operation was necessary. In the years from 1948 to 1979, 344 patients were operated on for reflux-esophagitis -- hemorrhage occurred only in 11.3%. In 32 patients the cause of the hemorrhage was a severe esophagitis and in 7 of them an esophageal ulcus. In reflux-esophagitis, hemorrhage is controlled by antireflex operations -- mostly by application of the fundoplicatio according to Nissen-Rossetti. When a duodenal ulcer or hyperacidity occur simultaneously, we combine fundoplicatio with superselective vagotomy.