Rats received extensive exposure to pentobarbital in a distinctive environment, and were subsequently tested for tolerance to the sedative effects of pentobarbital either in the distinctive environment or in an environment previously associated only with saline. Rats tested when expecting pentobarbital (i.e., in the usual drug environment) were tolerant, but rats tested when not expecting the drug (i.e., in the saline environment) were not tolerant. These results extend demonstrations of conditional tolerance to the general behavioral arousal effects of a sedative hypnotic. Subsequently, the same rats were administered cocaine either when expecting pentobarbital or when not expecting pentobarbital. Rats administered cocaine when expecting pentobarbital exhibited more intense forms of cocaine-induced behavior than rats administered cocaine but not expecting pentobarbital. These results establish the phenomenon of conditional cross-potentiation between conditional drug states and unconditional drug-effects.