Involvement of noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic processes of the brain in self-administration behavior toward ethanol was assessed in rats allowed to lever-press for 25 mg/kg intragastric doses on a CRF schedule. Initial access to infusions of saline for establishing an operant baseline was followed by one 10-hr session on acquisition contingencies for ethanol and then one extinction session on saline. Prior to a reacquisition session, rats were treated with either (a) saline, (b) alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT; 225 mg/kg), (c) 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (U-14,624; 600 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg), or (d) haloperidol (3.5 mg/kg). Only the saline-pretreated control group and the haloperidol-treated rats reacquired lever-press behavior. Groups treated in like fashion, but pressing for a sweet milk reinforcer, all showed reacquisition. Thus, the effects of AMT and U-14,624 are attributed to an inteference with the reinforcing effect of ethanol infusions. Brain levels of norepinephrine were depleted by both compounds, dopamine was depleted only by AMT, and serotonin was elevated by 600 mg/kg of U-14,624 but unaffected by 300 mg/kg. These results suggest that a cerebral noradrenergic system plays an important role in the reinforcing effect of ethanol without an involvement of dopaminergic systems.