Biomaterial Database

Second-order appetitive conditioning in goldfish. 1980

T W Amiro, and M E Bitterman

Second-order appetitive conditioning was studied in a series of experiments on goldfish. The first-order conditioned stimuli were white lines of different orientations projected on a target, the second-order conditioned stimuli were diffuse colors projected on the target, the unconditioned stimulus was liquid food delivered through a nipple at the center of the target, and the measured response was target striking. In the first experiment, sustained second-order conditioning was demonstrated. Evidence of colon-line association then was sought without success in two further experiments--a sensory preconditioning experiment in which second-order pairings preceded the first-order pairings, and a first-order revaluation experiment in which responses to second-order stimuli were measured after reversal training with positive and negative first-order stimuli. The stimulus-response reinforcement principle affords the best interpretation of the second-order conditioning demonstrated here: Responding to a second-order stimulus is strengthened by a contiguous first-order stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties on first-order trials.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D003214	Conditioning, Classical	Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.	Reflex, Conditioned,Classical Conditioning,Classical Conditionings,Conditioned Reflex,Conditionings, Classical
D004193	Discrimination Learning	Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.	Discriminative Learning,Discrimination Learnings,Discriminative Learnings,Learning, Discrimination,Learning, Discriminative
D005108	Extinction, Psychological	The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without REINFORCEMENT to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.	Psychological Extinction,Extinction (Psychology),Extinctions (Psychology),Extinctions, Psychological,Psychological Extinctions
D006054	Goldfish	Common name for Carassius auratus, a type of carp (CARPS).	Carassius auratus
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001070	Appetitive Behavior	Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.	Searching Behavior,Appetitive Behaviors,Behavior, Appetitive,Behavior, Searching,Behaviors, Appetitive,Behaviors, Searching,Searching Behaviors
D001245	Association Learning	The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.	Association Learnings,Learning, Association,Learnings, Association
D012193	Reversal Learning	Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).	Learning, Reversal,Learnings, Reversal,Reversal Learnings
D014796	Visual Perception	The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.	Visual Processing,Perception, Visual,Processing, Visual