Late deep wound infection secondary to hematogenous spread of bacteria from a distant focus is an infrequent but devastating complication of total joint replacement. Nine patients (ten implants) with documented late hematogenous infection are reported, all of whom demonstrated several characteristic features. The initial operation was free of clinical evidence of infection and a long asymptomatic interval ensued, followed by a definite febrile illness and acute joint pain. The source of the infection often was not recognized until late and prophylactic antibiotics were not given when it was identified. Seven of the ten implants had to be removed. The primary responsibility for the prevention of this devastating complication lies with the surgeon, who must inform each patient of the risk of late hematogenous seeding from infection elsewhere in the body. It is also important to pay special attention to patients who are at particularly high risk, such as those with rheumatoid arthritis or other systemic diseases. A knowledge of the bacterial flora of the various areas of the human body is essential in choosing the appropriate prophylactic antibiotic.