From 1978-1992, 159 patients were treated for local recurrences of rectal carcinoma. They could be subdivided into three groups according to the type of primary treatment given; 82 patients underwent primary surgery without irradiation, 37 patients had preoperative and 40 patients postoperative radiotherapy. The localizations of the recurrences and the curative and palliative potentials of surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of local recurrences were studied. There was no difference in the localisation of the recurrences in the three groups. Median time between initial surgery and recurrence was also almost the same in the three groups and 75% of the recurrences appeared within 2 years. Twenty percent of the patients in the primary surgery alone group, compared with 49% and 38% in the preoperative and postoperative irradiation groups, respectively, had distant metastases at the time of the diagnosis of local recurrence. The predominant symptom from the local recurrence was pain and, after treatment of the recurrence, pain relief was registered in 63%. In 66%, 16% and 22%, respectively, of the patients in the three groups, the intention of the treatment was curative, with either radiotherapy alone, radiotherapy combined with surgery or surgery alone. The 5-years-survival after recurrence was 6% in the primary surgery alone group and 0% in the other 2 groups. Of the 69 patients treated with a curative intention, 32% were locally symptom-free at death or the last follow-up. Our conclusion is that a local recurrence must be avoided due to the morbidity associated with local failure and the potentially low likelihood of curative treatment of a local recurrence.