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Tau protein, the major component of the aberrant structures termed paired helical filaments (PHFs) present in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients, is pathologically phosphorylated in sites in and around the tubulin-binding sites. A single protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK 3), is able to phosphorylate tau at the flanking regions and, additionally, at the tubulin-binding motifs if heparin or tubulin is present. Serines-262 and -324 have been found to be modified at the tubulin-binding region of tau protein by GSK 3 in the presence of heparin or tubulin.
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