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BACKGROUND Blood typing historically has been used to introduce students to the concepts of immunohematology. Risk of disease transmission has compelled school districts to prohibit the use of human blood in student laboratories. A method is needed that will safely simulate ABO and Rh typing. METHODS A method that uses inorganic salt solutions to simulate ABO and Rh antigens and antibodies was studied. Additional salt solutions and diluents were tested to investigate the feasibility of simulating both ABO and Rh typing in a more realistic medium. RESULTS Cobalt nitrate and sodium hydroxide were found to successfully simulate D and anti-D, respectively. The addition of these solutions did not produce cross-reactions in ABO tests. Use of simulated blood as a diluent improved the appearance of the samples. CONCLUSIONS This method can safely and inexpensively simulate ABO and Rh blood typing procedures and provide students with hands-on blood-typing experience.
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
January 1989,
Clinical and laboratory haematology,
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
June 1979,
Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine,
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
January 2018,
International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry,
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
January 1992,
Revue francaise de transfusion et d'hemobiologie : bulletin de la Societe nationale de transfusion sanguine,
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
June 1979,
Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine,
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
September 2011,
Electrophoresis,
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
January 2003,
Immunohematology,
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
April 2006,
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English),
B V Anderson, and
B A Warden
October 2019,
Lab on a chip,
