Osteopontin (OP) is a secreted glycoprotein that contains the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell-binding sequence that binds calcium and is chemotactic and adhesive for rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). OP gene expression is upregulated in cultured rat VSMCs in vitro and after balloon carotid injury in vivo, suggesting that OP may be a marker for proliferating VSMCs in vivo and in vitro. Our in situ hybridization studies of human atherosclerotic coronary vessels, however, have shown OP mRNA expression in plaque macrophages but not VSMCs. The current study investigated OP mRNA expression in cultured human VSMCs and macrophages and in an organ culture model of neointima formation in human saphenous vein. OP mRNA expression was not detected by Northern blot analysis of total RNA from subconfluent or confluent cultures of human VSMCs of any passage maintained in normal growth medium or after stimulation with TGF beta 1 (20 ng/mL), angiotensin II (1 mumol/L), or basic fibroblast growth factor (10 mg/mL) but was just detectable after stimulation with activation vitamin D3 (1 mumol/L). In contrast, cultured human macrophages expressed high levels of OP mRNA that were not dependent on lipid loading. OP mRNA was detected in isolated foci in all layers of saphenous veins maintained in organ culture for 14 days, including <2% of neointimal cells, a distribution that paralleled that of tissue macrophages. These results suggest that OP gene expression is not a marker for proliferation of human VSMCs in vitro and highlight a fundamental difference in the biology of human and rodent VSMCs.