Biomaterial Database

The nuclear hormone receptor gene superfamily. 1995

R C Ribeiro, and P J Kushner, and J D Baxter

Metabolic Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.

The nuclear hormone receptor gene superfamily encodes structurally related proteins that regulate transcription of target genes. These macromolecules include receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones, vitamins, and other proteins for which no ligands have been found. These receptors have modular domains. The DNA-binding domain directs the receptors to bind specific DNA sequences as monomers, homodimers, or heterodimers. The ligand-binding domain responds to binding of the cognate hormone; this domain and the amino terminal domain interact with other transcription factors. Nuclear receptor-specific actions are derived from a combination of diverse elements, including availability of ligand, receptors, and nonreceptor factors; target-site structure; interactions with other proteins, such as the general transcription factors; and influences of other signaling pathways. These interactions result in ligand-regulated and ligand-independent effects on initiation of transcription of the target genes. Understanding the mechanisms of nuclear receptor action will enhance our knowledge of transcription and hormone influences on disease and facilitate the design of drugs with greater therapeutic value.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D011956	Receptors, Cell Surface	Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.	Cell Surface Receptor,Cell Surface Receptors,Hormone Receptors, Cell Surface,Receptors, Endogenous Substances,Cell Surface Hormone Receptors,Endogenous Substances Receptors,Receptor, Cell Surface,Surface Receptor, Cell
D004700	Endocrine System Diseases	Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	Endocrine Diseases,Diseases of Endocrine System,Disease, Endocrine,Disease, Endocrine System,Diseases, Endocrine,Diseases, Endocrine System,Endocrine Disease,Endocrine System Disease,System Disease, Endocrine,System Diseases, Endocrine
D005810	Multigene Family	A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)	Gene Clusters,Genes, Reiterated,Cluster, Gene,Clusters, Gene,Families, Multigene,Family, Multigene,Gene Cluster,Gene, Reiterated,Multigene Families,Reiterated Gene,Reiterated Genes
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D014157	Transcription Factors	Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.	Transcription Factor,Factor, Transcription,Factors, Transcription
D014158	Transcription, Genetic	The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.	Genetic Transcription
D018160	Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear	Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.	Cytoplasmic Receptor,Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Receptors,Cytosolic and Nuclear Receptors,Hormone Receptors, Cytoplasmic,Hormone Receptors, Nuclear,Nuclear Hormone Receptor,Nuclear Receptor,Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Receptors,Cytoplasmic Hormone Receptors,Cytoplasmic Receptors,Cytosol and Nuclear Receptors,Intracellular Membrane Receptors,Nuclear Hormone Receptors,Nuclear Receptors,Receptors, Cytoplasmic,Receptors, Cytosol and Nuclear,Receptors, Cytosolic and Nuclear,Receptors, Intracellular Membrane,Receptors, Nuclear,Receptors, Nuclear and Cytoplasmic,Hormone Receptor, Nuclear,Membrane Receptors, Intracellular,Receptor, Cytoplasmic,Receptor, Nuclear,Receptor, Nuclear Hormone,Receptors, Cytoplasmic Hormone,Receptors, Nuclear Hormone