The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of chronic sinoaortic denervation on the mechanical properties and composition of the abdominal aorta in Wistar rats. We used a high-resolution echotracking system to determine in situ under physiological conditions of blood flow and arterial wall innervation the aortic diameter-, compliance-, and distensibility-pressure curves in 16-week-old anesthetized rats that had been denervated at 10 weeks of age for 6 weeks (n = 8). Compared with sham-operated rats (n = 8) we observed a marked reduction of baroreflex response and increase in overall mean blood pressure variability as measured by standard deviation and spectral analysis in sinoaortic-denervated rats. Mean blood pressure was not affected by sinoaortic denervation in both conscious and anesthetized rats. Sinoaortic denervation significantly shifted the distensibility-pressure curve toward lower levels of distensibility, indicating a decreased aortic distensibility for a given level of arterial pressure. Sinoaortic denervation produced a significant increase of aortic wall cross-sectional area and collagen content, one of the less-distensible components of the arterial wall. These results suggest that intact arterial baroreceptors are necessary for maintaining normal functional and structural properties of large arteries in rats. The reduction in arterial distensibility in chronic sinoaortic-denervated rats may have resulted from different factors, including the initial hypertensive phase, aortic wall hypertrophy, and increase in collagen content. The changes in aortic wall structure and related reduction in aortic distensibility, in addition to other mechanisms, might have been direct consequences of an increased blood pressure variability.