Biomaterial Database

[The endocrine pancreas]. 1995

L Cortesão, and A M Saraiva, and L Guerreiro

Serviço de Endocrinologia Diabetes e Metabolismo, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisboa.

The islets of Langerhans provide energy storage and disposal, and protection from plasma glucose excursions, especially hypoglycemia. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from autoimmune beta-cell damage. Prevention of IDDM has already been achieved in animal investigation and some centers are now screening and treating individuals at high risk for developing IDDM. Immunosuppressive drugs can induce transient remission of recent-onset IDDM. Intensive insulin treatment of IDDM delays the onset and slows the progression of long-term complications. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is the result of beta-cell malfunction and is strongly associated with X syndrome. Diet and exercise are of undoubted importance in NIDDM prevention and treatment. Functional endocrine tumors of the pancreas (FET) are rare hormone and peptide-secreting neoplasms. These peptides may or may not occur naturally in the islets. FETs often occur with multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN 1) so that MEN-1 screening should always be performed, and extended to family members whenever diagnosed. Drugs--alcohol, insulin and sulfonilureas--are the main cause of hypoglycemia. Insulinoma is the main cause of post-absorptive organic hypoglycemia. Non islet-cell tumors seldom cause hypoglycemia. Insulinoma often is a solitary tumor, but it may be multicentric and may coexist with cell hyperplasia and nesidioblastosis. Symptoms of neuroglycopenia may be mistaken for neuropsychiatric disease. The diagnosis is based on confirmation of post absorptive hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinism. Gastrinoma causes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) which is characterized by fulminating peptic ulcer disease. The tumor is often malignant, and it may be multicentric and may occur with cell hyperplasia and nesidioblastosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007515	Islets of Langerhans	Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.	Islands of Langerhans,Islet Cells,Nesidioblasts,Pancreas, Endocrine,Pancreatic Islets,Cell, Islet,Cells, Islet,Endocrine Pancreas,Islet Cell,Islet, Pancreatic,Islets, Pancreatic,Langerhans Islands,Langerhans Islets,Nesidioblast,Pancreatic Islet
D007516	Adenoma, Islet Cell	A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	Islet Cell Tumor,Islet of Langerhans Tumor,Nesidioblastoma,Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors,Island Cell Tumor,Adenomas, Islet Cell,Island Cell Tumors,Islet Cell Adenoma,Islet Cell Adenomas,Islet Cell Tumors,Langerhans Tumor Islet,Nesidioblastomas,Tumor Islet, Langerhans,Tumor, Island Cell,Tumor, Islet Cell,Tumors, Island Cell,Tumors, Islet Cell
D003922	Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1	A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	Diabetes Mellitus, Brittle,Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent,Diabetes Mellitus, Juvenile-Onset,Diabetes Mellitus, Ketosis-Prone,Diabetes Mellitus, Sudden-Onset,Diabetes, Autoimmune,IDDM,Autoimmune Diabetes,Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent, 1,Diabetes Mellitus, Type I,Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 1,Juvenile-Onset Diabetes,Type 1 Diabetes,Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus,Brittle Diabetes Mellitus,Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Dependent,Diabetes Mellitus, Juvenile Onset,Diabetes Mellitus, Ketosis Prone,Diabetes Mellitus, Sudden Onset,Diabetes, Juvenile-Onset,Diabetes, Type 1,Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 1,Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,Juvenile Onset Diabetes,Juvenile-Onset Diabetes Mellitus,Ketosis-Prone Diabetes Mellitus,Sudden-Onset Diabetes Mellitus
D003924	Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset,Diabetes Mellitus, Ketosis-Resistant,Diabetes Mellitus, Maturity-Onset,Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent,Diabetes Mellitus, Slow-Onset,Diabetes Mellitus, Stable,MODY,Maturity-Onset Diabetes Mellitus,NIDDM,Diabetes Mellitus, Non Insulin Dependent,Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin Dependent,Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent,Diabetes Mellitus, Type II,Maturity-Onset Diabetes,Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,Type 2 Diabetes,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus,Diabetes Mellitus, Adult Onset,Diabetes Mellitus, Ketosis Resistant,Diabetes Mellitus, Maturity Onset,Diabetes Mellitus, Slow Onset,Diabetes, Maturity-Onset,Diabetes, Type 2,Ketosis-Resistant Diabetes Mellitus,Maturity Onset Diabetes,Maturity Onset Diabetes Mellitus,Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,Noninsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,Slow-Onset Diabetes Mellitus,Stable Diabetes Mellitus
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D015043	Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome	A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	Syndrome, Zollinger-Ellison,Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
D018761	Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1	A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).	Neoplasia, Multiple Endocrine Type 1,Neoplasms, Multiple Endocrine Type 1,Wermer Syndrome,Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I,Multiple Endocrine Neoplasms Type 1,Neoplasms, Multiple Endocrine Type I