Thirty-five patients with oesophageal cancer were treated with external beam irradiation (50-60 Gy) followed by a boost-dose of 15-20 Gy by means of low dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy. Of the 35 patients treated 17 (48%) were pretreated with laser therapy or dilation alone. Although the intraluminal application time was long (up to 36 h) the treatment was feasible with minor acute toxicity. The palliative effect of the combined treatment was excellent; a 6 weeks post-treatment 32 of the 35 patients were able to eat solid food. Late complications were seen in six patients (17%), of which only one was severe and probably treatment-related. The median survival was 11 months; the 1- and 2-year survival were 42% and 10% respectively. The survival was strongly dependent on local control. Distant metastases became evident in 23% of patients. The interval between external radiotherapy and brachytherapy seemed to be critical. The results were compared with 68 historical controls. A significantly better survival was observed at 6 months. It is concluded that low dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy is a useful and feasible technique to increase the total dose for obtaining a better local control. The shortcomings are discussed and ideas for further improvement are mentioned.